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Marx introduces us to his analysis of commodities. A commodity is an external object that satisfies a human need either directly or indirectly. He says that useful things can be looked at from the point of view of quality and quantity. They have many attributes and can therefore be used in many ways. He uses the term use-value (A use-value is something that is valuable because it is useful. It can also be a measurement of the usefulness of a commodity) in relation to commodities' quality. The usefulness of a thing makes it a use-value. A commodity's use-value is a trait of the thing itself, and is independent of the amount of labor needed to make the commodity useful. Exchange-value is the proportion by which use-values of one kind exchange for use-values of other kinds. It is a constantly changing relation, and is not inherent to the object. An example of this would be how a United States currency and Jamaican currency have an exchange relation, which means that a certain amount of United States currency equals a certain amount of Jamaican currency. Each must therefore equal a third common element, and can be reduced to this thing. The common element cannot be a natural property of the commodity, but rather must be abstracted away from its use-value. Discarding use-values, only one property remains?the commodities are the products of abstract human labor. They are "congealed quantities of homogenous human labor." This common factor in the exchange-value of the commodity is its value. In Shakespeare?s ?The tempest?, an example of a use- value would the way Prospero treated Ariel. In Act I, scene 1, Prospero and the spirit were responsible for the storm. Flying about the ship, Ariel acted as the wind, the thunder, and the lightning. When everyone except the crew had abandoned the ship, Ariel made sure, as Prospero had requested that all were brought safely to shore but dispersed around the island. Ariel reports that the king's son is alone. He also tells Prospero that the mariners and Boatswain have been charmed to sleep in the ship, which has been brought safely to harbor. The rest of the fleet that was with the ship, believing it to have been destroyed by the storm, has headed safely back to Naples. Prospero thanks Ariel for his service, and Ariel takes this moment to remind Prospero of his promise to take one year off of his agreed time of servitude if Ariel performs his services without complaint. Prospero does not take well to being reminded of his promises, and he chastises Ariel for his impudence. He reminds Ariel of where he came from and how Prospero rescued him. Ariel had been a servant of Sycorax, a witch banished from Algiers (Algeria) and sent to the island long ago. Ariel was too delicate a spirit to perform her horrible commands, so she imprisoned him in a "cloven pine". She did not free him before she died, and he might have remained imprisoned forever had not Prospero arrived and rescued him. Reminding Ariel of this, Prospero threatens to imprison him for twelve years if does not stop complaining. Ariel promises to be more polite. Prospero then gives him a new command: he must go make himself like a nymph of the sea and be invisible to all but Prospero. I n the Inferno, when Dante founded himself in the woods and was lost, he says that he does not remember how he lost his way, but he has wandered into a fearful place, a dark and tangled valley. Above, he sees a great hill that seems to offer protection from the shadowed glen. The sun shines down from this hilltop and Dante attempts to climb toward the light. As he climbs, however, he encounters three angry beasts in succession?a leopard, a lion, and a she-wolf?which force him to turn back. Returning in despair to the dark valley, Dante sees a human form in the woods, which soon reveals itself to be the spirit, known as Virgil. Thrilled to meet the poet that he most admires, Dante tells Virgil about the beasts that blocked his path. Virgil replies that the she-wolf kills all who approach her but that, someday, a magnificent hound will come to chase the she-wolf back to Hell, where she originated. He adds that the she-wolf's presence necessitates the use of a different path to ascend the hill; he offers to serve as Dante's guide. He warns Dante, however, that before they can climb the hill they must first pass through the place of eternal punishment (Hell) and then a place of lesser punishment (Purgatory); only then can they reach God's city (Heaven). Encouraged by Virgil's assurances, Dante sets forth with his guide. The concept of use-value can be seen with Virgil and Beatrice (Dante?s lost love). Virgil is working for Beatrice. It can also be seen with Dante. Although it is based off a belief from Dante it is actually a use-value. This is the connection with Dante and heaven along with path that every man must cross. The use-value in the Inferno is that, if Dante can lead his life the right way he will be accepted into heaven and he will be with Beatrice again. Both The ?Tempest? and the ?Inferno? books have more concepts to them such as power. It can be seen in ?The Tempest? by how Prospero was overthrown by his brother, Antonio. Although it was not done willing on Prospero?s point of view, he got his knowledge while his brother got power and wealth. This was a result of Prospero being too caught in learning magic. In ?The Inferno? it can be seen by how Dante fear his higher power. He is so afraid that he is willing to go through hell. By doing this he is seeing where he could be if he continues on the path that he is on. However, while Dante is doing it for this reason, he is also doing it to go to heaven and be with Beatrice.